【宾语从句讲解及练习】在英语语法中,宾语从句是一个非常重要的知识点,它不仅在阅读理解中频繁出现,也是写作和口语表达中不可或缺的一部分。掌握好宾语从句的用法,有助于我们更准确地表达自己的意思,提升语言运用能力。
一、什么是宾语从句?
宾语从句是指在主句中作动词或介词的宾语的句子。它通常由连接词(如that, whether, if, what, when, where, why, how等)引导,并且在结构上与一个完整的句子相似。
例如:
- I think that he is right.
(“that he is right”是“think”的宾语)
- She asked whether it would rain tomorrow.
(“whether it would rain tomorrow”是“asked”的宾语)
二、宾语从句的引导词
常见的引导词有以下几种:
| 引导词 | 用法说明 |
|--------|----------|
| that | 不翻译,只起连接作用,常用于陈述句 |
| if / whether | 表示“是否”,多用于疑问句 |
| what| 表示“什么”,引导名词性从句 |
| when| 表示“什么时候” |
| where | 表示“哪里” |
| why | 表示“为什么” |
| how | 表示“如何” |
注意:if 和 whether 在某些情况下可以互换,但在正式文体中,whether 更为常见;此外,whether 后面不能接 or not,而 if 可以。
三、宾语从句的语序
宾语从句必须使用陈述语序,即主语 + 谓语 + 宾语的顺序,不能使用疑问语序。
错误:I don’t know what he wants?
正确:I don’t know what he wants.
四、时态一致性
宾语从句中的时态要与主句保持一致,如果主句是现在时,从句可以用任意时态;如果主句是过去时,从句要用相应的过去时态。
例如:
- He says he is tired.(现在时)
- He said he was tired.(过去时)
但要注意特殊情况,如从句表示客观真理时,即使主句是过去时,也用一般现在时。
例如:
- The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.
五、宾语从句的简化形式
在口语和非正式场合中,有时会省略 that,特别是在 that 不影响句意的情况下。
例如:
- I believe (that) he is honest.
- She asked (that) we could come.
但需要注意,在正式写作中,that 通常不宜省略。
六、常见错误分析
1. 混淆 if 和 whether
- 正确:She asked whether she could go.
- 错误:She asked if she could go.(虽然也可以接受,但不如 whether 正式)
2. 语序错误
- 错误:Do you know where is he going?
- 正确:Do you know where he is going?
3. 时态不一致
- 错误:He said he is coming.(主句是过去时)
- 正确:He said he was coming.
七、练习题
一、选择正确的引导词填空:
1. I don't know ______ he will arrive.
A. whenB. thatC. ifD. why
2. She asked ______ I had finished my homework.
A. thatB. ifC. whetherD. what
3. Do you remember ______ we met last time?
A. whenB. whereC. howD. why
4. He explained ______ he had been late.
A. thatB. ifC. whetherD. why
二、改写句子,将下列句子改为宾语从句形式:
1. Do you know? Where is the station?
→ Do you know where the station is?
2. I wonder. Why didn't she come?
→ I wonder why she didn't come.
3. They asked. Is this your book?
→ They asked if this was your book.
八、总结
宾语从句是英语学习中不可忽视的重要语法点。通过掌握其引导词、语序、时态以及常见错误,我们可以更加灵活地运用这一语法结构,使语言表达更加自然、准确。希望同学们在日常学习中多加练习,逐步提高对宾语从句的理解与运用能力。